CPR Bacillus Coagulans
I. Definition of Bacillus Coagulans：
Bacillus coagulans, also known as "lactic acid bacteria spores, is a type of intestinal lactic acid bacteria of Bacillus genus in the category of the Gram-positive Phylum Firmicutes. US FDA approved it as a Lactobacillus of Bacillus species which has been "ordinarily identified as safe". In 2005, CFDA (China Food and Drug Administration) approved it to be used as a human intestines drug. "The Directory of Feed Additives", newly revised by the Ministry of Agriculture of China, has included this item.
II. Sources of CPR Bacillus coagulans strain:
CPR Bacillus Coagulans is selectively separated from the animal’s body before purification and identification under the guidance of biomedical Dr. Ye Junjiang at Columbia University of USA. The strain was further cultured and improved to enhance its performance of stress resistance, proliferation and anti-bacteria by a well-known professor and his team staffed in the Institute of Biotechnology of Jiangnan University in China.
III. The Mechanism and Features of CPR Bacillus Coagulans:
CPR Bacillus Coagulans possesses characteristics of both lactic acid bacteria and bacillus, and performs more obvious effect with ideal stability, which is reflected in the following aspects:
1. Rapid colonization and adaptability
After entering the animal body, CPR Bacillus Coagulans can rapidly germinate into vegetative cells with metabolism and take root in the intestine (cecum, colon and rectum) where it resides for 8 days or so.
Bacillus coagulans is a facultative anaerobic bacteria and can grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This feature differs from that of such aerobic bacteria like Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and other bacillus. These aerobic bacteria enter the intestine and produce a hypoxic intestinal environment by biological oxygen-consumption effect, and thus function by creating the anaerobic environment which is positive to the growth of probiotics. However, with the reduction of the amount of oxygen in the intestinal tract, their own growth will be inhibited and its efficacy reduced; Moreover, these Bacillus create an anaerobic environment which promotes the growth of harmful anaerobic bacteria.
2. The product can rapidly reproduce various vitamins and enzymes so as to effectively enhance conversion rate and utilization of the feedstuff.
After entering animal intestines, CPR Bacillus Coagulans reproduce so rapidly that they create a new generation every 10-20 minutes, and at the meantime they produce a variety of enzymes such as protease, lipase, nuclease, alpha--galactosidase, cellulase, and enzymes peroxide, thus effectively alleviating and eliminating indigestion and anorexia, promoting the animal growth. The product can also produce a variety of vitamins such as folic acid, niacin, VB1, VB2, VB6, VB12, etc., and promote the animal’s digestion and absorption for calcium, zinc, iron and VD which promote the proliferation of such beneficial intestinal bacteria like Bifidobacterium coli.
3. Super Immunity:
CPR Bacillus Coagulans can produce a large amount of antibacterial lectin, which belongs to antimicrobial peptides with positive charge featuring cation containing amphoteric region and the hydrophobic region, stable for 90 minutes at 60 ℃ temperature and pH 4-8, resistant to the impact of amylase, lipase or organic solvents. The antibacterial lectin can inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in the intestinal tract such as E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella, etc., thereby enhancing the immunity of animals.
4. The product produces L- lactic acid and acetic acid, contains high nutritional value, and displays good antibacterial performance.
CPR Bacillus Coagulans is the only bacillus which produces lactic acid. Lactic acid can promote intestinal peristalsis, effectively treat constipation, suppress phenol, indole and other harmful substances, prevent cell-aging, and inhibit various harmful bacteria. Lactic acid can also be turned into butyric acid under the effect of butyric acid bacteria, while butyric acid is the most important nutrients which regenerate and renovate intestinal mucosa.
Compared with other small molecule acids like acetic acid (PKa = 4.76) and butyric acid (PKa = 4.87), L-lactic acid (acidity coefficient PKa=3.86) belongs to weak acids, whereas its acidity coefficient value is minimum and thus possesses strongest acidity which can more effectively reduce intestinal pH value while protecting other organic acids from dissociation.
L- lactic can directly oxidate for energy. It is the rapid energy source of intestinal cells. L-lactic acid generates glucose and glycogen via gluconeogenesis. It can be used for the synthesis of fat, alanine and the like.
In addition to the secretion of lactic acid, CPR Bacillus Coagulans can also secrete acetic acid. The compound of lactic acid and acetic acid retains stronger antibacterial ability than equal amount of lactic acid alone, because the combination of both acids not only maintains the antibacterial ability of the lactic acid but also reduces the pH value of the medium and thus decreases the dissociation of acetic acid so that more acetic acid in non-dissociated state enter the bacterial cells and play the role of inhibition.
5. Comparison of inhibitory effect of different acids on the intestinal microflora (lactic acid possesses maximum security):
Intestinal Bacteria
|
Type of Acids |
| Phosphoric acid |
Lactic acid |
Propionic acid |
Butyric acid |
| E. coli |
0.2% |
0.2% |
0.3% |
0.3% |
| Lactobacillus |
0.3% |
1.5% |
1.0% |
1.0% |
| Security Range |
0.2-0.3 |
0.2-1.5 |
0.3-1.0 |
0.3-1.0 |
If the acid concentration is too high it will also damage beneficial bacteria. The inhibitory concentration of lactic acid affected on E. coliform is less than that of either propionic acid or butyric acid, but its inhibitory concentration affected on lactobacillus is much larger than that of other acids, so the range of safety application of lactic acid is the maximum.
IV. Fundamental Experiment of CPR Bacillus Coagulans
1. Temperature Test
CPR Bacillus coagulans high-temperature test with duration of test is 8 minutes.
The conclusion of the test: CPR Bacillus coagulans can withstand the high temperature in the feed processing; There is no loss of activity in the spores of the strain during its granulation processing at 95 ℃.
2. Test of resistance to acids and bile salts
Test table: resistance to acids and bile salts for CPR Bacillus Coagulans
| Survival Rate |
| pH=4 |
pH=3 |
pH=2 |
0.5% bile salts |
| 100 |
98 |
95 |
90 |
Test conclusion: CPR Bacillus coagulans is able to withstand the adverse environment of strong acidity and bile salt in the animal’s intestine.
3、Resistance to antibiotics
| Antibiotics |
Sensitivity |
Usage |
| Bacillus peptide zinc |
low |
Can be used with direct compatibility |
| Colistin |
low |
| Enramycin |
low |
| Virginiamycin |
low |
| Lincomycin |
low |
| Erythromycin |
Moderate |
Can be used simultaneously in case of low doses |
| Kitasamycin |
Moderate |
| Oxytetracycline |
Moderate |
| Chlortetracycline |
Moderate |
| Olaquindox |
Moderate |
| Hey quinoline ketone |
Moderate |
| Neomycin |
Moderate |
| Kanamycin |
Moderate |
| Penicillin |
high |
Avoid using simultaneously;
Time interval of usage is more than 2 hours
|
| Amoxicillin |
high |
| Cephalosporin |
high |
Test conclusion: CPR Bacillus coagulans can be used by direct collocation with antibiotics of sulfonamides and polypeptide; When being used with other antibiotics, it should be based on dose and time segment.
V. Production and Application Test to CPR Bacillus Coagulans
1. Effect of CPR Bacillus Coagulans on Growth Performance and Disease Resistance of Weaned Piglets
Choose 80 tri-breed cross piglets (at 28 days old and of already being weaned), divide them into two groups of 40 piglets for each group, and specify 8 piglets in each group (half male and half female) as the test target for 5 repeated tests. Add CPR Bacillus Coagulans to feed the test group, while keep the normal feed diet for the of the comparison group. The test last for 21 days.
Effect of CPR Bacillus Coagulans on Growth Performance of Weaned Piglets
| Group |
average initial weight (kg / each) |
average final weight (kg / each) |
average weight gain (kg / each) |
average daily gain (kg / each) |
average feed consumption (kg / each × 21d) |
average daily feed intake (kg / each × 21d) |
Weight gain ratio |
| Comparison group |
7.35 |
12.94a |
5.59a |
0.266a |
10.164a |
0.484a |
1.82b |
| Test group |
7.45 |
16.37b |
8.92b |
0.425b |
13.209b |
0.629b |
1.48a |
Note: The different lower case letters marked after the value number in the same column indicate significant differences (P <0.05).
Effect of CPR Bacillus Coagulans on Disease Resistance of Weaned Piglets
| Group |
Number of total pigs |
Piglets onset number |
Piglets onset rate (%) |
Number of diarrhea piglets |
Diarrhea rate (%) |
Piglet death |
Mortality rate |
| Comparison Group |
40 |
14 |
35.0A |
8 |
20.0A |
0 |
0 |
| Test Goup |
40 |
6 |
15.0B |
3 |
7.5B |
0 |
0 |
Note: The different uppercase letters marked after the value number in the same column indicate significant differences (P <0.01).
2. The impact of CPR Bacillus Coagulans on broiler’s growth performance and mortality rate.
Select 1,600 rooster chickens and divide them into two groups of 800 rooster chickens for each group. Add bacillus peptide zinc at indexed 125ppm and colistin sulfate at indexed 25ppm (the index is based on purity of concentrated materials) to feed the comparison group, while adding CPR Bacillus Coagulans to feed diet for the test group. The test last for 42 days.
CPR Bacillus Coagulans on growth performance of broilers
| Group |
Comparison group |
Test group |
| The average weight gain (g) |
55.1±4.5ab |
56.8±2.8a |
| Average daily feed intake (g) |
99.5±6.4 |
97.4±6.3 |
| Feed conversion ratio |
1.80±0.08b |
1.71±0.09a |
3. Effect of CPR Bacillus coagulans on aquaculture
Select 300 carps and divide them into 3 groups of 100 carps for each group. Add conventional aquaculture feedstuff for the comparison group, while adding CPR Bacillus Coagulans to feed diet for the test group. Add flavomycin to another group. The trial period is 29 days.
| Group |
First mantissa |
The number at the end |
Experimental Junior (g / each) |
Weight at the end (g / each) |
Feed consumption on test (g / each) |
Weight gain (g / each) |
Survival Rate |
Bait Coefficient |
| Comparison Group |
100 |
92 |
100.55±0.34 |
230.65±0.23A |
214.58±0.31a |
130.10±0.20A |
92%a |
1.65±0.04A |
| Flavomycin Group |
100 |
100 |
100.18±0.13 |
237.69±0.20A |
221.41±0.11 |
137.51±0.13A |
100% |
1.61±0.02A |
| Test Group |
100 |
100 |
100.23±0.15 |
256.24±0.24 |
223.09±0.30 |
156.01±0.16 |
100% |
1.43±0.03 |
Note: Compared with the Test Group, “A” in Comparison Group and Flavomycin Group represents “extremely significant” difference (P <0.01), while “a” signifies a “significant difference”.
4. Commodity Model and Its Indicators
| Model |
Number of CPR Bacillus Coagulans (cfu/g)≧ |
Bacteria Ratio (≦) |
Moisture (≦) |
| CPR-001 |
1×1010 |
1% |
8% |
| CPR-002 |
5×109 |
| CPR-003 |
1×108 |
5. Dosage
| User target audience |
Recommended dosage product (kg / t complete feed) |
| CRP-001 |
CPR-002 |
CPR-003 |
| Pig |
0.1-0.25 |
0.2-0.5 |
10-25 |
| Avian |
0.1-0.25 |
0.2-0.5 |
10-25 |
| Freshwate |
0.1-0.25 |
0.2-0.5 |
10-25 |
| Shrimp, crabs and other special aquatic animals |
0.1-0.25 |
0.4-1 |
20-50 |
VI. Special Focus on CPR-003 of series CPR Bacillus Coagulans
1. Model CPR-003 of series of CPR Bacillus Coagulans is made through fermentation with yeast extract and then treated by absorption processing before spraying. The main components are Bacillus coagulans and its metabolites and yeast extract (protein ≧ 44%, nucleic acid ≧ 5%, β- glucan ≧ 20%, mannan oligosaccharides ≧ 10%, the total energy ≧ 3,700Ka / kg).
2. The unique technologies and processes make CPR Bacillus Coagulans CPR-003 distinctive:
a). The content of nucleic acid and glutamic acid in yeast extract was big, so its collective application with Bacillus coagulans and its metabolites (such as lactic acid) can increase animal’s appetite more effectively.
b). The insoluble matter of the yeast can be fully released, which is more convenient to digestion and absorption by young animals.
c). Yeast extract contains over 80% soluble protein which is 2-3 times more than other products with higher digestibility.
d). The product contains rich natural vitamins, organic trace elements, with stronger bio-activity.
e). Bacillus coagulans can continuously produces acids after it has been taken in by animals, which can promote the animals’ ability of digestion and absorption; Moreover, yeast extract contains glutathione, active peptides, immune polysaccharides and other active ingredients, which can significantly increase the non-specific immunity of animals and strengthen the ability of disease resistance. |
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